Medical treatment in China

First Rib Resection + Anterior/Middle Scalenectomy (Open/Axillary/Supraclavicular/Thoracoscopic)

Suitable for patients with persistent symptoms after conservative treatment. Preoperative imaging and electrophysiological localization can be combined. Common approaches include axillary or supraclavicular incisions to release the anterior and middle scalene muscles, partial resection of the first…